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<html>
<head>
<title>Package Documentation for org.apache.commons.beanutils Package</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<p>The <em>Bean Introspection Utilities</em> component of the Apache Commons
subproject offers low-level utility classes that assist in getting and setting
property values on Java classes that follow the naming design patterns outlined
in the JavaBeans Specification, as well as mechanisms for dynamically defining
and accessing bean properties.</p>

<h1>Table of Contents</h1>

<ul>
<li>1. <a href="#overview">Overview</a>
    <ul>
    <li>1.1 <a href="#overview.background">Background</a></li>
    <li>1.2 <a href="#overview.dependencies">External Dependencies</a></li>
    </ul></li>
<li>2. <a href="#standard">Standard JavaBeans</a>
    <ul>
    <li>2.1 <a href="#standard.background">Background</a></li>
    <li>2.2 <a href="#standard.basic">Basic Property Access</a></li>
    <li>2.3 <a href="#standard.nested">Nested Property Access</a></li>
    </ul></li>
<li>3. <a href="#dynamic">Dynamic Beans (DynaBeans)</a>
    <ul>
    <li>3.1 <a href="#dynamic.background">Background</a></li>
    <li>3.2 <a href="#dynamic.basic">BasicDynaBean and BasicDynaClass</a></li>
    <li>3.3 <a href="#dynamic.resultSet">ResultSetDynaClass (Wraps ResultSet in DynaBeans)</a></li>
    <li>3.4 <a href="#dynamic.rowSet">RowSetDynaClass (Disconnected ResultSet as DynaBeans)</a></li>
    <li>3.5 <a href="#dynamic.wrap">WrapDynaBean and WrapDynaClass</a></li>
    <li>3.6 <a href="#dynamic.lazy"><i>Lazy</i> DynaBeans</a></li>
    </ul></li>
<li>4. <a href="#conversion">Data Type Conversions</a>
    <ul>
    <li>4.1 <a href="#conversion.background">Background</a></li>
    <li>4.2 <a href="#conversion.beanutils">BeanUtils and ConvertUtils
        Conversions</a></li>
    <li>4.3 <a href="#conversion.defining">Defining Your Own Converters</a></li>
    <li>4.4 <a href="#conversion.i18n">Locale Aware Conversions</a></li>
    </ul></li>
<li>5. <a href="#instances">Utility Objects And Static Utility Classes</a></li>
<li>6. <a href="#collections">Collections</a>
    <ul>
    <li>6.1 <a href="#bean-comparator">Comparing Beans</a></li>
    <li>6.2 <a href="#bean-property-closure">Operating On Collections Of Beans</a></li>
    <li>6.3 <a href="#bean-property-predicate">Querying Or Filtering Collections Of Beans</a></li>
    <li>6.4 <a href="#bean-property-transformer">Transforming Collections Of Beans</a></li>
    </ul></li>
<li>7. <a href="#FAQ">Frequently Asked Questions</a>
    <ul>
    <li><a href="#FAQ.property">Why Can't BeanUtils Find My Method?</a></li>
    <li><a href="#FAQ.bc.order">How Do I Set The BeanComparator Order To Be Ascending/Descending?</a></li>
    </ul></li>
</ul>

<a name="overview"></a>
<h1>1. Overview</h1>

<a name="overview.background"></a>
<h2>1.1 Background</h2>

<p>The <em>JavaBeans</em> name comes from a
<a href="http://java.sun.com/products/javabeans/">Java API</a>
for a component architecture for the Java language.  Writing Java classes that
conform to the JavaBeans design patterns makes it easier for Java developers
to understand the functionality provided by your class, as well as allowing
JavaBeans-aware tools to use Java's <em>introspection</em> capabilities to
learn about the properties and operations provided by your class, and present
them in a visually appealing manner in development tools.</p>

<p>The <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/javabeans/docs/spec.html">JavaBeans
Specification</a> describes the complete set of characteristics that makes
an arbitrary Java class a JavaBean or not -- and you should consider reading
this document to be an important part of developing your Java programming
skills.  However, the required characteristics of JavaBeans that are
important for most development scenarios are listed here:</p>
<ul>
<li>The class must be <strong>public</strong>, and provide a
    <strong>public</strong> constructor that accepts no arguments.  This allows
    tools and applications to dynamically create new instances of your bean,
    without necessarily knowing what Java class name will be used ahead of
    time, like this:
<pre>
        String className = ...;
        Class beanClass = Class.forName(className);
        Object beanInstance = beanClass.newInstance();
</pre></li>
<li>As a necessary consequence of having a no-arguments constructor,
    configuration of your bean's behavior must be accomplished separately
    from its instantiation.  This is typically done by defining a set of
    <em>properties</em> of your bean, which can be used to modify its behavior
    or the data that the bean represents.  The normal convention for
    property names is that they start with a lower case letter, and be
    comprised only of characters that are legal in a Java identifier.</li>
<li>Typically, each bean property will have a public <em>getter</em> and
    <em>setter</em> method that are used to retrieve or define the property's
    value, respectively.  The JavaBeans Specification defines a design
    pattern for these names, using <code>get</code> or <code>set</code> as the
    prefix for the property name with it's first character capitalized.  Thus,
    you a JavaBean representing an employee might have
    (among others) properties named <code>firstName</code>,
    <code>lastName</code>, and <code>hireDate</code>, with method signatures
    like this:
<pre>
        public class Employee {
            public Employee();   // Zero-arguments constructor
            public String getFirstName();
            public void setFirstName(String firstName);
            public String getLastName();
            public void setLastName(String lastName);
            public Date getHireDate();
            public void setHireDate(Date hireDate);
            public boolean isManager();
            public void setManager(boolean manager);
            public String getFullName();
        }
</pre></li>
<li>As you can see from the above example, there is a special variant allowed
    for boolean properties -- you can name the <em>getter</em> method with a
    <code>is</code> prefix instead of a <code>get</code> prefix if that makes
    for a more understandable method name.</li>
<li>If you have both a <em>getter</em> and a <em>setter</em> method for a
    property, the data type returned by the <em>getter</em> must match the
    data type accepted by the <em>setter</em>.  In addition, it is contrary
    to the JavaBeans specification to have more than one <em>setter</em>
    with the same name, but different property types.</li>
<li>It is not required that you provide a <em>getter</em> and a
    <em>setter</em> for every property.  In the example above, the
    <code>fullName</code> property is read-only, because there is no
    <em>setter</em> method.  It is also possible, but less common, to provide
    write-only properties.</li>
<li>It is also possible to create a JavaBean where the <em>getter</em> and
    <em>setter</em> methods do not match the naming pattern described above.
    The standard JavaBeans support classes in the Java language, as well as
    all classes in the BeanUtils package, allow you to describe the actual
    property method names in a <code>BeanInfo</code> class associated with
    your bean class.  See the JavaBeans Specification for full details.</li>
<li>The JavaBeans Specification also describes many additional design patterns
    for event listeners, wiring JavaBeans together into component hierarchies,
    and other useful features that are beyond the scope of the BeanUtils
    package.</li>
</ul>

<p>Using standard Java coding techniques, it is very easy to deal with
JavaBeans if you know ahead of time which bean classes you will be using, and
which properties you are interested in:</p>
<pre>
        Employee employee = ...;
        System.out.println("Hello " + employee.getFirstName() + "!");
</pre>

<a name="overview.dependencies"></a>
<h2>1.2 External Dependencies</h2>

<p>The <em>commons-beanutils</em> package requires that the following
additional packages be available in the application's class path at runtime:
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://commons.apache.org/downloads/download_logging.cgi">
Logging Package (Apache Commons)</a>, version 1.0 or later</li>
</ul>

<p>Furthermore, if any of the following <em>commons-beanutils</em> classes are used:
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="BeanMap.html">org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanMap</a></li>
<li><a href="BeanPredicate.html">org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanPredicate</a></li>
<li><a href="BeanPropertyValueChangeClosure.html">org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanPropertyValueChangeClosure</a></li>
<li><a href="BeanPropertyValueEqualsPredicate.html">org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanPropertyValueEqualsPredicate</a></li>
<li><a href="BeanToPropertyValueTransformer.html">org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanToPropertyValueTransformer</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
then the following packages must also be available in the application's class path at runtime:
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://commons.apache.org/downloads/download_collections.cgi">
Collections Package (Apache Commons)</a>, version 1.0 or later</li>
</ul>

<a name="standard"></a>
<h1>2. Standard JavaBeans</h1>

<a name="standard.background"></a>
<h2>2.1 Background</h2>

<p>As described above, the standard facilities of the Java programming language
make it easy and natural to access the property values of your beans using
calls to the appropriate getter methods.
But what happens in more sophisticated environments where you do not
necessarily know ahead of time which bean class you are going to be using,
or which property you want to retrieve or modify?  The Java language provides
classes like <code>java.beans.Introspector</code>, which can examine a Java
class at runtime and identify for you the names of the property getter and
setter methods, plus the <em>Reflection</em> capabilities to dynamically call
such a method.  However, these APIs can be difficult to use, and expose the
application developer to many unnecessary details of the underlying structure
of Java classes.  The APIs in the BeanUtils package are intended to simplify
getting and setting bean properties dynamically, where the objects you are
accessing -- and the names of the properties you care about -- are determined
at runtime in your application, rather than as you are writing and compiling
your application's classes.</p>

<p>This is the set of needs that are satisfied by the static methods of the
<a href="PropertyUtils.html">PropertyUtils</a>
class, which are described further in this section.  First, however, some
further definitions will prove to be useful:</p>

<p>The general set of possible property types supported by a JavaBean can be
broken into three categories -- some of which are supported by the standard
JavaBeans specification, and some of which are uniquely supported by the
<em>BeanUtils</em> package:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Simple</strong> - Simple, or scalar, properties have a single
    value that may be retrieved or modified.  The underlying property type
    might be a Java language primitive (such as <code>int</code>, a simple
    object (such as a <code>java.lang.String</code>), or a more complex
    object whose class is defined either by the Java language, by the
    application, or by a class library included with the application.</li>
<li><strong>Indexed</strong> - An indexed property stores an ordered collection
    of objects (all of the same type) that can be individually accessed by an
    integer-valued, non-negative index (or subscript).  Alternatively, the
    entire set of values may be set or retrieved using an array.
    As an extension to the JavaBeans specification, the
    <em>BeanUtils</em> package considers any property whose underlying data
    type is <code>java.util.List</code> (or an implementation of List) to be
    indexed as well.</li>
<li><strong>Mapped</strong> - As an extension to standard JavaBeans APIs,
    the <em>BeanUtils</em> package considers any property whose underlying
    value is a <code>java.util.Map</code> to be "mapped".  You can set and
    retrieve individual values via a String-valued key.</li>
</ul>

<p>A variety of API methods are provided in the <a href="PropertyUtils.html">
PropertyUtils</a> class to get and set property values of all of these types.
In the code fragments below, assume that there are two bean classes defined
with the following method signatures:</p>
<pre>
    public class Employee {
        public Address getAddress(String type);
        public void setAddress(String type, Address address);
        public Employee getSubordinate(int index);
        public void setSubordinate(int index, Employee subordinate);
        public String getFirstName();
        public void setFirstName(String firstName);
        public String getLastName();
        public void setLastName(String lastName);
    }
</pre>

<a name="standard.basic"></a>
<h2>2.2 Basic Property Access</h2>

<p>Getting and setting <strong>simple</strong> property values is, well,
simple :-).  Check out the following API signatures in the Javadocs:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#getSimpleProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String)">
    PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(Object bean, String name)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#setSimpleProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,java.lang.Object)">
    PropertyUtils.setSimpleProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value)</a></li>
</ul>

<p>Using these methods, you might dynamically manipulate the employee's name
in an application:</p>
<pre>
    Employee employee = ...;
    String firstName = (String)
      PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(employee, "firstName");
    String lastName = (String)
      PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(employee, "lastName");
    ... manipulate the values ...
    PropertyUtils.setSimpleProperty(employee, "firstName", firstName);
    PropertyUtils.setSimpleProperty(employee, "lastName", lastName);
</pre>

<p>For <strong>indexed</strong> properties, you have two choices - you can
either build a subscript into the "property name" string, using square
brackets, or you can specify the subscript in a separate argument to the
method call:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#getIndexedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String)">
    PropertyUtils.getIndexedProperty(Object bean, String name)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#getIndexedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,int)">
    PropertyUtils.getIndexedProperty(Object bean, String name, int index)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#setIndexedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,java.lang.Object)">
    PropertyUtils.setIndexedProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#setIndexedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,int,java.lang.Object)">
    PropertyUtils.setIndexedProperty(Object bean, String name, int index, Object value)</a></li>
</ul>

<p>Only integer constants are allowed when you add a subscript to the property
name.  If you need to calculate the index of the entry you wish to retrieve,
you can use String concatenation to assemble the property name expression.
For example, you might do either of the following:</p>
<pre>
    Employee employee = ...;
    int index = ...;
    String name = "subordinate[" + index + "]";
    Employee subordinate = (Employee)
      PropertyUtils.getIndexedProperty(employee, name);

    Employee employee = ...;
    int index = ...;
    Employee subordinate = (Employee)
      PropertyUtils.getIndexedProperty(employee, "subordinate", index);
</pre>

<p>In a similar manner, there are two possible method signatures for getting
and setting <strong>mapped</strong> properties.  The difference is that the
extra argument is surrounded by parentheses ("(" and ")") instead of square
brackets, and it is considered to be a String-value key used to get or set
the appropriate value from an underlying map.</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#getMappedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String)">
    PropertyUtils.getMappedProperty(Object bean, String name)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#getMappedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,java.lang.String)">
    PropertyUtils.getMappedProperty(Object bean, String name, String key)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#setMappedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,java.lang.Object)">
    PropertyUtils.setMappedProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#setMappedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.Object)">
    PropertyUtils.setMappedProperty(Object bean, String name, String key, Object value)</a></li>
</ul>

<p>You can, for example, set the employee's home address in either of these
two manners:</p>

<pre>
    Employee employee = ...;
    Address address = ...;
    PropertyUtils.setMappedProperty(employee, "address(home)", address);

    Employee employee = ...;
    Address address = ...;
    PropertyUtils.setMappedProperty(employee, "address", "home", address);
</pre>

<a name="standard.nested"></a>
<h2>2.3 Nested Property Access</h2>

<p>In all of the examples above, we have assumed that you wished to retrieve
the value of a property of the bean being passed as the first argument to a
PropertyUtils method.  However, what if the property value you retrieve is
really a Java object, and you wish to retrieve a property of <em>that</em>
object instead?</p>

<p>For example, assume we really wanted the <code>city</code> property of the
employee's home address.  Using standard Java programming techniques for direct
access to the bean properties, we might write:</p>

<pre>
    String city = employee.getAddress("home").getCity();
</pre>

<p>The equivalent mechanism using the PropertyUtils class is called
<strong>nested</strong> property access.  To use this approach, you concatenate
together the property names of the access path, using "." separators -- very
similar to the way you can perform nested property access in JavaScript.</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#getNestedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String)">
    PropertyUtils.getNestedProperty(Object bean, String name)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#setNestedProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,java.lang.Object)">
    PropertyUtils.setNestedProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value)</a></li>
</ul>

<p>The PropertyUtils equivalent to the above Java expression would be:</p>

<pre>
    String city = (String)
      PropertyUtils.getNestedProperty(employee, "address(home).city");
</pre>

<p>Finally, for convenience, PropertyUtils provides method signatures that
accept any arbitrary combination of simple, indexed, and mapped property
access, using any arbitrary level of nesting:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#getProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String)">
    PropertyUtils.getProperty(Object bean, String name)</a></li>
<li><a href="PropertyUtils.html#setProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String,java.lang.Object)">
    PropertyUtils.setProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value)</a></li>
</ul>

<p>which you might use like this:</p>

<pre>
    Employee employee = ...;
    String city = (String) PropertyUtils.getProperty(employee,
      "subordinate[3].address(home).city");
</pre>

<a name="dynamic"></a>
<h1>3. Dynamic Beans (DynaBeans)</h1>

<a name="dynamic.background"></a>
<h2>3.1 Background</h2>

<p>The <a href="PropertyUtils.html">PropertyUtils</a> class described in the
preceding section is designed to provide dynamic property access on existing
JavaBean classes, without modifying them in any way.  A different use case for
dynamic property access is when you wish to represent a dynamically calculated
set of property values as a JavaBean, but <em>without</em> having to actually
write a Java class to represent these properties.  Besides the effort savings
in not having to create and maintain a separate Java class, this ability also
means you can deal with situations where the set of properties you care about
is determined dynamically (think of representing the result set of an SQL
select as a set of JavaBeans ...).</p>

<p>To support this use case, the <em>BeanUtils</em> package provides the
<a href="DynaBean.html">DynaBean</a> interface, which must be implemented by a
bean class actually implementing the interface's methods, and the associated
<a href="DynaClass.html">DynaClass</a> interface that defines the set of
properties supported by a particular group of DynaBeans, in much the same way
that <code>java.lang.Class</code> defines the set of properties supported by
all instances of a particular JavaBean class.</p>

<p>For example, the <code>Employee</code> class used in the examples above
might be implemented as a DynaBean, rather than as a standard JavaBean.  You
can access its properties like this:</p>

<pre>
    DynaBean employee = ...; // Details depend on which
                             // DynaBean implementation you use
    String firstName = (String) employee.get("firstName");
    Address homeAddress = (Address) employee.get("address", "home");
    Object subordinate = employee.get("subordinate", 2);
</pre>

<p>One very important convenience feature should be noted:  <em>the
PropertyUtils property getter and setter methods understand how to access
properties in DynaBeans</em>.  Therefore, if the bean you pass as the first
argument to, say, <code>PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty()</code> is really a
DynaBean implementation, the call will get converted to the appropriate
DynaBean getter method transparently.  Thus, you can base your application's
dynamic property access totally on the PropertyUtils APIs, if you wish, and
use them to access either standard JavaBeans or DynaBeans without having to
care ahead of time how a particular bean is implemented.</p>

<p>Because DynaBean and DynaClass are interfaces, they may be implemented
multiple times, in different ways, to address different usage scenarios.  The
following subsections describe the implementations that are provided as a part
of the standard <em>BeanUtils</em> package, although you are encouraged to
provide your own custom implementations for cases where the standard
implementations are not sufficient.</p>

<a name="dynamic.basic"></a>
<h2>3.2 <code>BasicDynaBean</code> and <code>BasicDynaClass</code></h2>

<p>The <a href="BasicDynaBean.html">BasicDynaBean</a> and
<a href="BasicDynaClass.html">BasicDynaClass</a> implementation provides a
basic set of
dynamic property capabilities where you want to dynamically define the
set of properties (described by instances of <a href="DynaProperty.html">
DynaProperty</a>).  You start by defining the DynaClass that establishes
the set of properties you care about:</p>

<pre>
    DynaProperty[] props = new DynaProperty[]{
        new DynaProperty("address", java.util.Map.class),
        new DynaProperty("subordinate", mypackage.Employee[].class),
        new DynaProperty("firstName", String.class),
        new DynaProperty("lastName",  String.class)
      };
    BasicDynaClass dynaClass = new BasicDynaClass("employee", null, props);
</pre>

<p>Note that the 'dynaBeanClass' argument (in the constructor of
<code>BasicDynaClass</code>) can have the value of <code>null</code>.  In this
case, the value of <code>dynaClass.getDynaBeanClass</code> will just be the
<code>Class</code> for BasicDynaBean.</p>

<p>Next, you use the <code>newInstance()</code> method of this DynaClass to
create new DynaBean instances that conform to this DynaClass, and populate
its initial property values (much as you would instantiate a new standard
JavaBean and then call its property setters):</p>

<pre>
    DynaBean employee = dynaClass.newInstance();
    employee.set("address", new HashMap());
    employee.set("subordinate", new mypackage.Employee[0]);
    employee.set("firstName", "Fred");
    employee.set("lastName", "Flintstone");
</pre>

<p>Note that the DynaBean class was declared to be
<code>DynaBean</code> instead of <code>BasicDynaBean</code>.  In
general, if you are using DynaBeans, you will not want to care about the
actual implementation class that is being used -- you only care about
declaring that it is a <code>DynaBean</code> so that you can use the
DynaBean APIs.</p>

<p>As stated above, you can pass a DynaBean instance as the first argument
to a <code>PropertyUtils</code> method that gets and sets properties, and it
will be interpreted as you expect -- the dynamic properties of the DynaBean
will be retrieved or modified, instead of underlying properties on the
actual BasicDynaBean implementation class.</p>

<a name="dynamic.resultSet"></a>
<h2>3.3 <code>ResultSetDynaClass</code> (Wraps ResultSet in DynaBeans)</h2>

<p>A very common use case for DynaBean APIs is to wrap other collections of
"stuff" that do not normally present themselves as JavaBeans.  One of the most
common collections that would be nice to wrap is the
<code>java.sql.ResultSet</code> that is returned when you ask a JDBC driver
to perform a SQL SELECT statement.  Commons BeanUtils offers a standard
mechanism for making each row of the result set visible as a DynaBean,
which you can utilize as shown in this example:</p>
<pre>
  Connection conn = ...;
  Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
  ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery
    ("select account_id, name from customers");
  Iterator rows = (new ResultSetDynaClass(rs)).iterator();
  while (rows.hasNext()) {
    DynaBean row = (DynaBean) rows.next();
    System.out.println("Account number is " +
                       row.get("account_id") +
                       " and name is " + row.get("name"));
  }
  rs.close();
  stmt.close();
</pre>


<a name="dynamic.rowSet"></a>
<h2>3.4 <code>RowSetDynaClass</code> (Disconnected ResultSet as DynaBeans)</h2>
<p>Although <a href="#dynamic.resultSet"><code>ResultSetDynaClass</code></a> is
a very useful technique for representing the results of an SQL query as a
series of DynaBeans, an important problem is that the underlying
<code>ResultSet</code> must remain open throughout the period of time that the
rows are being processed by your application.  This hinders the ability to use
<code>ResultSetDynaClass</code> as a means of communicating information from
the model layer to the view layer in a model-view-controller architecture
such as that provided by the <a href="http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/">Struts
Framework</a>, because there is no easy mechanism to assure that the result set
is finally closed (and the underlying <code>Connection</code> returned to its
connection pool, if you are using one).</p>

<p>The <code>RowSetDynaClass</code> class represents a different approach to
this problem.  When you construct such an instance, the underlying data is
<em>copied</em> into a set of in-memory DynaBeans that represent the result.
The advantage of this technique, of course, is that you can immediately close
the ResultSet (and the corresponding Statement), normally before you even
process the actual data that was returned.  The disadvantage, of course, is
that you must pay the performance and memory costs of copying the result data,
and the result data must fit entirely into available heap memory.  For many
environments (particularly in web applications), this tradeoff is usually
quite beneficial.</p>

<p>As an additional benefit, the <code>RowSetDynaClass</code> class is defined
to implement <code>java.io.Serializable</code>, so that it (and the
DynaBeans that correspond to each row of the result) can be conveniently
serialized and deserialized (as long as the underlying column values are
also Serializable).  Thus, <code>RowSetDynaClass</code> represents a very
convenient way to transmit the results of an SQL query to a remote Java-based
client application (such as an applet).</p>

<p>The normal usage pattern for a <code>RowSetDynaClass</code> will look
something like this:</p>
<pre>
    Connection conn = ...;  // Acquire connection from pool
    Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT ...");
    RowSetDynaClass rsdc = new RowSetDynaClass(rs);
    rs.close();
    stmt.close();
    ...;                    // Return connection to pool
    List rows = rsdc.getRows();
    ...;                   // Process the rows as desired
</pre>


<a name="dynamic.wrap"></a>
<h2>3.5 <code>WrapDynaBean</code> and <code>WrapDynaClass</code></h2>

<p>OK, you've tried the DynaBeans APIs and they are cool -- very simple
<code>get()</code> and <code>set()</code> methods provide easy access to all
of the dynamically defined simple, indexed, and mapped properties of your
DynaBeans.  You'd like to use the DynaBean APIs to access <strong>all</strong>
of your beans, but you've got a bunch of existing standard JavaBeans classes
to deal with as well.  This is where the
<a href="WrapDynaBean.html">WrapDynaBean</a> (and its associated
<a href="WrapDynaClass.html">WrapDynaClass</a>) come into play.  As the name
implies, a WrapDynaBean is used to "wrap" the DynaBean APIs around an
existing standard JavaBean class.  To use it, simply create the wrapper
like this:</p>

<pre>
    MyBean bean = ...;
    DynaBean wrapper = new WrapDynaBean(bean);
    String firstName = wrapper.get("firstName");
</pre>

<p>Note that, although appropriate <code>WrapDynaClass</code> instances are
created internally, you never need to deal with them.</p>

<a name="dynamic.lazy"></a>
<h2>3.6 <i>Lazy</i> DynaBeans</h2>

<ul>
    <li>1. <a href="#LazyDynaBean">LazyDynaBean</a> - A <i>Lazy</i> <a href="DynaBean.html">DynaBean</a></li>
    <li>2. <a href="#LazyDynaMap">LazyDynaMap</a> - A <i>light weight</i> <a href="DynaBean.html">DynaBean</a> facade to a Map with <i>lazy</i> map/list processing</li>
    <li>3. <a href="#LazyDynaList">LazyDynaList</a> - A <i>lazy list</i> for <a href="DynaBean.html">DynaBean</a>'s, <code>java.util.Map</code>'s or POJO beans.</li>
    <li>4. <a href="#LazyDynaClass">LazyDynaClass</a> - A <a href="MutableDynaClass.html">MutableDynaClass</a> implementation.</li>
</ul>

<p>You bought into the DynaBeans because it saves coding all those POJO JavaBeans but
   you're here because <i>lazy</i> caught your eye and wondered whats that about?
   What makes these flavors of DynaBean <i>lazy</i> are the following features:</p> 
    <ul>
        <li><strong><i>Lazy</i> property addition</strong> - lazy beans use a
             <code><a href="DynaClass.html">DynaClass</a></code> which implements
             the <code><a href="MutableDynaClass.html">MutableDynaClass</a></code> 
             interface. This provides the ability to add and remove a DynaClass's 
             properties. <i>Lazy</i> beans use this feature to automatically add
             a property which doesn't exist to the DynaClass when
             the <code>set(name, value)</code> method is called.</li>
         <li><strong><i>Lazy</i> List/Array growth</strong> - If an <i>indexed</i> property is not large
             enough to accomodate the <code>index</code> being set then the <code>List</code> or
             <code>Array</code> is automatically <i>grown</i> so that it is.</li>
         <li><strong><i>Lazy</i> List/Array instantiation</strong> - if an <i>indexed</i>
             property doesn't exist then calling the <a href="DynaBean.html">DynaBean</a>'s 
             <i>indexed</i> property getter/setter methods (i.e. <code>get(name, index)</code> or
             <code>set(name, index, value)</code>) results in either a new <code>List</code>
             or <code>Array</code> being instantiated. If the indexed property has not been
             defined in the DynaClass then it is automatically added and a default <code>List</code>
             implementation instantiated.</li>
        <li><strong><i>Lazy</i> Map instantiation</strong> - if a <i>mapped</i>
             property doesn't exist then calling the <a href="DynaBean.html">DynaBean</a>'s 
             <i>mapped</i> property getter/setter methods (i.e. <code>get(name, key)</code> or
             <code>set(name, key, value)</code>) results in a new <code>Map</code>
             being instantiated. If the mapped property has not been defined in the DynaClass
             then it is automatically added and a default <code>Map</code> implementation
             instantiated.</li>
        <li><strong><i>Lazy</i> Bean instantiation</strong> - if a property is defined in
             the <code>DynaClass</code> as a <code>DynaBean</code> or regular bean and
             doesn't exist in the <code>DynaBean</code> then <code>LazyDynaBean</code> wiill
             try to instantiate the bean using a default empty constructor.</li> 
    </ul>

<p><strong>1. <a name="LazyDynaBean" href="LazyDynaBean.html">LazyDynaBean</a></strong> is the standard <i>lazy</i> bean 
   implementation. By default it is associated with a <a href="LazyDynaClass.html">LazyDynaClass</a> 
   which implements the <a href="MutableDynaClass.html">MutableDynaClass</a> interface - however
   it can be used with any <code>MutableDynaClass</code> implementation. The question is <i>how do
   I use it?</i> - well it can be as simple as creating a new bean and then calling the getters/setters...</p>

<pre>
    DynaBean dynaBean = new LazyDynaBean();

    dynaBean.set("foo", "bar");                   // simple

    dynaBean.set("customer", "title", "Mr");      // mapped
    dynaBean.set("customer", "surname", "Smith"); // mapped

    dynaBean.set("address", 0, addressLine1);     // indexed
    dynaBean.set("address", 1, addressLine2);     // indexed
    dynaBean.set("address", 2, addressLine3);     // indexed
</pre>

<p><strong>2. <a name="LazyDynaMap" href="LazyDynaMap.html">LazyDynaMap</a></strong> is a <i>light wieght</i> <code>DynaBean</code>
   facade to a <code>Map</code> with all the usual <i>lazy</i> features. Its <i>light weight</i> because it doesn't
   have an associated <code>DynaClass</code> containing all the properties. In fact it actually implements
   the <code>DynaClass</code> interface itself (and <code>MutableDynaClass</code>) and derives all the <i>DynaClass</i>
   information from the actual contents of the <code>Map</code>. A <code>LazyDynaMap</code> can be created around an
   existing <code>Map</code> or can instantiate its own <code>Map</code>. After any <code>DynaBean</code>
   processing has finished the <code>Map</code> can be retrieved and the DynaBean <i>facade</i> discarded.</p>

<p>If you need a new <code>Map</code> then to use....</p>

<pre>
    DynaBean dynaBean = new LazyDynaMap();        // create DynaBean

    dynaBean.set("foo", "bar");                   // simple
    dynaBean.set("customer", "title", "Mr");      // mapped
    dynaBean.set("address", 0, addressLine1);     // indexed

    Map myMap = dynaBean.getMap()                 // retrieve the Map
</pre>
<p><i>or</i> to use with an existing <code>Map</code> ....</p>

<pre>
    Map myMap = ....                             // exisitng Map
    DynaBean dynaBean = new LazyDynaMap(myMap);  // wrap Map in DynaBean
    dynaBean.set("foo", "bar");                  // set properties
</pre>

<p><strong>3. <a name="LazyDynaList" href="LazyDynaList.html">LazyDynaList</a></strong> is  <i>lazy list</i> for <a href="DynaBean.html">DynaBean</a>'s, 
   <code>java.util.Map</code>'s or POJO beans. See the <a href="LazyDynaList.html">Javadoc</a> for more details and
   example usage.</p>

<p><strong>4. <a name="LazyDynaClass" href="LazyDynaClass.html">LazyDynaClass</a></strong> extends <a href="BasicDynaClass.html">BasicDynaClass</a>
   and implements the <a href="MutableDynaClass.html">MutableDynaClass</a> interface. It can be used with other
   <code>DynaBean</code> implementations, but it is the default <code>DynaClass</code> used by <code>LazyDynaBean</code>.
   When using the <code>LazyDynaBean</code> there may be no need to have anything to do with the <code>DynaClass</code>
   However sometimes there is a requirement to set up the <code>DynaClass</code> first - perhaps to
   define the type of array for an indexed property, or if using the DynaBean in <i>restricted</i> mode (see note below)
   is required. Doing so is straight forward...</p>

<p><i>Either</i> create a <code>LazyDynaClass</code> first...

<pre>
    MutableDynaClass dynaClass = new LazyDynaClass();    // create DynaClass

    dynaClass.add("amount", java.lang.Integer.class);    // add property
    dynaClass.add("orders", OrderBean[].class);          // add indexed property
    dynaClass.add("orders", java.util.TreeMapp.class);   // add mapped property

    DynaBean dynaBean = new LazyDynaBean(dynaClass);     // Create DynaBean with associated DynaClass
</pre>

<p><i>or</i> create a <code>LazyDynaBean</code> and get the <code>DynaClass</code>...

<pre>
    DynaBean dynaBean = new LazyDynaBean();              // Create LazyDynaBean
    MutableDynaClass dynaClass = 
             (MutableDynaClass)dynaBean.getDynaClass();  // get DynaClass

    dynaClass.add("amount", java.lang.Integer.class);    // add property
    dynaClass.add("myBeans", myPackage.MyBean[].class);  // add 'array' indexed property
    dynaClass.add("myMap", java.util.TreeMapp.class);    // add mapped property
</pre>

<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> One feature of <a href="MutableDynaClass.html">MutableDynaClass</a> is that it
   has a <i>Restricted</i> property. When the DynaClass is <i>restricted</i> no properties can be added
   or removed from the <code>DynaClass</code>. Neither the <code>LazyDynaBean</code> or <code>LazyDynaMap</code>
   will add properties automatically if the <code>DynaClass</code> is <i>restricted</i>.</p>


<a name="conversion"></a>
<h1>4. Data Type Conversions</h1>

<a name="conversion.background"></a>
<h3>4.1 Background</h3>

<p>So far, we've only considered the cases where the data types of the
dynamically accessed properties are known, and where we can use Java casts
to perform type conversions.  What happens if you want to automatically
perform type conversions when casting is not possible?  The
<em>BeanUtils</em> package provides a variety of APIs and design patterns
for performing this task as well.</p>

<a name="conversion.beanutils"></a>
<h3>4.2 <code>BeanUtils</code> and <code>ConvertUtils</code> Conversions</h3>

<p>A very common use case (and the situation that caused the initial creation
of the <em>BeanUtils</em> package) was the desire to convert the set of request
parameters that were included in a
<code>javax.servlet.HttpServletRequest</code> received by a web application
into a set of corresponding property setter calls on an arbitrary JavaBean.
(This is one of the fundamental services provided by the
<a href="http://jakarta.apache.org/struts">Struts Framework</a>, which uses
<em>BeanUtils</em> internally to implement this functionality.)</p>

<p>In an HTTP request, the set of included parameters is made available as a
series of String (or String array, if there is more than one value for the
same parameter name) instances, which need to be converted to the underlying
data type.  The <a href="BeanUtils.html">BeanUtils</a> class provides
property setter methods that accept String values, and automatically convert
them to appropriate property types for Java primitives (such as
<code>int</code> or <code>boolean</code>), and property getter methods that
perform the reverse conversion.  Finally, a <code>populate()</code> method
is provided that accepts a <code>java.util.Map</code> containing a set of
property values (keyed by property name), and calls all of the appropriate
setters whenever the underlying bean has a property with the same name as
one of the request parameters.  So, you can perform the all-in-one property
setting operation like this:</p>

<pre>
    HttpServletRequest request = ...;
    MyBean bean = ...;
    HashMap map = new HashMap();
    Enumeration names = request.getParameterNames();
    while (names.hasMoreElements()) {
      String name = (String) names.nextElement();
      map.put(name, request.getParameterValues(name));
    }
    BeanUtils.populate(bean, map);
</pre>

<p>The <code>BeanUtils</code> class relies on conversion methods defined in
the <a href="ConvertUtils.html">ConvertUtils</a> class to perform the actual
conversions, and these methods are availablve for direct use as well.
<strong>WARNING</strong> - It is likely that the hard coded use of
<code>ConvertUtils</code> methods will be deprecated in the future, and
replaced with a mechanism that allows you to plug in your own implementations
of the <a href="Converter.html">Converter</a> interface instead.  Therefore,
new code should not be written with reliance on ConvertUtils.</p>

<a name="conversion.defining"></a>
<h3>4.3 Defining Your Own Converters</h3>

<p>The <code>ConvertUtils</code> class supports the ability to define and
register your own String --> Object conversions for any given Java class.
Once registered, such converters will be used transparently by all of the
<code>BeanUtils</code> methods (including <code>populate()</code>).  To
create and register your own converter, follow these steps:</p>
<ul>
<li>Write a class that implements the <a href="Converter.html">Converter</a>
    interface.  The <code>convert()</code> method should accept the
    <code>java.lang.Class</code> object of your application class (i.e.
    the class that you want to convert to, and a String representing the
    incoming value to be converted.</li>
<li>At application startup time, register an instance of your converter class
    by calling the <code>ConvertUtils.register()</code> method.</li>
</ul>

<a name="conversion.i18n"></a>
<h3>4.4 Locale Aware Conversions</h3>
<p>The standard classes in <code>org.apache.commons.beanutils</code> are not
locale aware. This gives them a cleaner interface and makes then easier to use
in situations where the locale is not important.</p>
<p>Extended, locale-aware analogues can be found in 
<code><a href='locale/package-summary.html'>org.apache.commons.beanutils.locale
</a></code>. These are built along the same
lines as the basic classes but support localization.</p>


<a name="instances"></a>
<h1>5. Utility Objects And Static Utility Classes</h1>
<a name="instances.background"></a>
<h3>Background</h3>
<p>
So far, the examples have covered the static utility classes (<code>BeanUtils</code>,
<code>ConvertUtils</code> and <code>PropertyUtils</code>). These are easy to use but are
somewhat inflexible. These all share the same registered converters and the same caches.
</p>
<p>
This functionality can also be accessed through utility objects (in fact, the static utility
class use worker instances of these classes). For each static utility class, there is a corresponding
class with the same functionality that can be instantiated:
</p>
<p>
<table cols='2' width='60%'>
<tr><th>Static Utility Class</th><th>Utility Object</th></tr>
<tr><td>BeanUtils</td><td>BeanUtilsBean</td></tr>
<tr><td>ConvertUtils</td><td>ConvertUtilsBean</td></tr>
<tr><td>PropertyUtils</td><td>PropertyUtilsBean</td></tr>
</table>
</p>
<p>
Creating an instances allow gives guarenteed control of the caching and registration 
to the code that creates it. 
</p>

<a name="collections"></a>
<h1>6. Collections</h1>
<a name="bean-comparator"></a>
<h3>6.1 Comparing Beans</h3>
<p>
<code>org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanComparator</code> is a <code>Comparator</code> implementation
that compares beans based on a shared property value.
</p>
<a name="bean-property-closure"></a>
<h3>6.2 Operating On Collections Of Beans</h3>
<p>
The <code>Closure</code> interface in <code>commons-collections</code> encapsulates a block of code that 
executes on an arbitrary input Object. <code>Commons-collections</code> contains code that allows 
<code>Closures</code> to be applied to the contents of a Collection. For more details, see the 
<a href='http://commons.apache.org/collections/'>commons-collections</a>
documentation.
</p>
<p>
<code>BeanPropertyValueChangeClosure</code> is a <code>Closure</code> that sets a specified property
to a particular value. A typical usage is to combine this with <code>commons-collections</code>
so that all the beans in a collection can have a particular property set to a particular value.
</p>
<p>
For example, set the activeEmployee property to TRUE for an entire collection:
 <code><pre>
    // create the closure
    BeanPropertyValueChangeClosure closure =
        new BeanPropertyValueChangeClosure( "activeEmployee", Boolean.TRUE );
 
    // update the Collection
    CollectionUtils.forAllDo( peopleCollection, closure );
  </pre></code>
</p>

<a name="bean-property-predicate"></a>
<h3>6.3 Querying Or Filtering Collections Of Beans</h3>
<p>
The <code>Predicate</code> interface in <code>commons-collections</code> encapsulates an evaluation
of an input Object that returns either true or false. <code>Commons-collections</code> contains code 
that allows 
<code>Predicates</code> to be applied to be used to filter collections. For more details, see the 
<a href='http://commons.apache.org/collections/'>commons-collections</a>
documentation.
</p>
<p>
<code>BeanPropertyValueEqualsPredicate</code> is a <code>Predicate</code> that evaluates a 
set property value against a given value. A typical usage is 
(in combination with <code>commons-collections</code>)
to filter collections on the basis of a property value.
</p>
<p>
For example, to filter a collection to find all beans where active employee is false use:
<code><pre>
    BeanPropertyValueEqualsPredicate predicate =
        new BeanPropertyValueEqualsPredicate( "activeEmployee", Boolean.FALSE );
 
    // filter the Collection
    CollectionUtils.filter( peopleCollection, predicate );
</pre></code>
</p>

<a href="bean-property-transformer"></a>
<h3>6.4 Transforming Collections Of Beans</h3>
<p>
The <code>Transformer</code> interface in <code>commons-collections</code> encapsulates the transformation
of an input Object into an output object. <code>Commons-collections</code> contains code 
that allows 
<code>Transformers</code> to be applied produce a collection of outputs from a collection of inputs. 
For more details, see the 
<a href='http://commons.apache.org/collections/'>commons-collections</a>
documentation.
</p>
<p>
<code>BeanToPropertyTransformer</code> is a <code>Transformer</code> implementation
that transforms a bean into it's property value.
</p>
<p>
For example, to find all cities that are contained in the address of each person property of each bean in 
a collection:
    <code><pre>
    // create the transformer
    BeanToPropertyValueTransformer transformer = new BeanToPropertyValueTransformer( "person.address.city" );
 
    // transform the Collection
    Collection peoplesCities = CollectionUtils.collect( peopleCollection, transformer );
    </pre></code>
</p>

<a name="FAQ"></a>
<h1>7. Frequently Asked Questions</h1>

<a name="FAQ.property"></a>
<h3>Why Can't BeanUtils Find My Method?</h3>
<p>The <em>BeanUtils</em> package relies on <em>introspection</em> rather than 
<em>reflection</em>. This means that it will find only 
<a href='http://java.sun.com/products/javabeans'><em>JavaBean</em> 
compliant</a> properties.</p>
<p>There are some subtleties  of this specification that can catch out the unwary:
<ul>
<li>A property can have only one set and one get method. Overloading is not allowed.</li>
<li>The <code>java.beans.Introspector</code> searches widely for a custom <em>BeanInfo</em> 
class. If your class has the same name as another with a custom <em>BeanInfo</em> 
(typically a java API class) then the <code>Introspector</code> may use that instead of
creating via reflection based on your class. If this happens, the only solution is to 
create your own <em>BeanInfo</em>.</li>
</ul>
</p>
<a name="FAQ.bc.order"></a>
<h3>How Do I Set The BeanComparator Order To Be Ascending/Descending?</h3>
<p>
BeanComparator relies on an internal Comparator to perform the actual 
comparisions. By default, 
<code>org.apache.commons.collections.comparators.ComparableComparator</code> 
is used which imposes a natural order. If you want to change the order, 
then a custom Comparator should be created and passed into the 
appropriate constructor.
</p>
<p>
For example:
</p>
<code><pre>
    import org.apache.commons.collections.comparators.ComparableComparator;
    import org.apache.commons.collections.comparators.ReverseComparator;
    import org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanComparator;
    ...
    BeanComparator reversedNaturalOrderBeanComparator
        = new BeanComparator("propertyName", new ReverseComparator(new ComparableComparator()));
    Collections.sort(myList, reversedNaturalOrderBeanComparator);
    ...
</pre></code>
</body>
</html>
